Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context Research Paper

Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context - Research Paper Example Alignment of HRM strategy in MNCs is of importance when it comes to strategic implementation (Chew & Horwitz 2004, p. 33). This is the alignment of HHRM systems and policies with the organizational goals and policies in order to achieve the established operational goal and competitive strategy of the firm. HRM system must be deemed as a source of the firm’s competitive advantage in any multination for it to be successful (Sparrow et al 1994, p. 268). IHR function constitutes of corporate HRM group managing the various roles and practices of personnel management. This HRM group has about 500 level managers who carry out the global service program. In line with the company’s philosophy, the HRM group manages the various subsidiaries in line with the markets they operate in, for instance, the company applies varying HR standards in different market operations. Salary standards are applied differently in a different market and the aim is to ensure that their salary scale re mains competitive in the markets. Multinationals like Coca Cola staffs its operations from the local personnel and only engages expatriates where the system demands. According to Caligiuri et al (2010, p. 3), successful MNC companies manage their global staff in ways that match their strategic needs as well as the demands of their markets. Global market offers different external environments and varying skills and capabilities in the global labor market HR plays a critically important role in managing the companies’ global operations and enhancing their competitiveness. IHRM policies and practices play an important role in strengthening interunit linkages in various ways including staffing policies, comprehensive planning of human resource, compensation policies, performance appraisals, and development and training of staff. As the report stresses business today is no longer limited to the countries’ national boundaries. Large multinationals do a significant percentage of their business activities outside their home market and country; this has resulted from continued establishment and strengthening of business in the overseas by multinationals. Competitiveness in these corporations has largely been determined by their effectiveness in the international market, this is in turn determined by the effectiveness of global managers particularly the international human resource managers who can function effectively in the international business activities. IHR practices are critically important in determining the effectiveness of multinationals.

The Secular Progressives vs. The Traditionalists Essay Example for Free

The Secular Progressives vs. The Traditionalists Essay In the New York Times best selling book from Fox News Commentator and mediator for The O’Reilly factor, Bill O’Reilly in his book Culture Warrior, defines and separates the two main competitors for the culture of America: The Secular Progressives vs. The Traditionalists. O’Reilly sees this battle as much more important than the more known and easily recognized conservatives vs. liberals and consequently sees the stakes as being that much more important as well with the winner deciding the fate of America policies, both foreign and especially domestic, for generations to come. As a self proclaimed culture warrior, O’Reilly puts himself center stage in this debate as he boasts that he sees himself as one of the most hated men in America as a result of his views on the media and other secular progressives and what he views as their destruction of the core values that has helped to make America great. â€Å"The culture war has also made me perhaps the most controversial broadcaster in the country. That hot-button label controversial gives my enemies, they think, the right to attack me and my enterprises ceaselessly, unfairly, even dementedly. I truly drive the opposing force nuts! As you may know, Im engaged in fighting them on a daily basis, and that warfare is the subject of this book. † ( O’Reilly, 5) And regardless of one’s opinions on Mr. O’Reilly, that is exactly what he does since he points out that one of the most important aspects of being a traditionalist is keeping your word. O’Reilly shows how the culture war has played out in such high profile cases as The Passion of the Christ, Fahrenheit 9/11 and the battle against religion in public life. O’Reilly also touches on race, education, the protection of children, the ACLU and the war against Christmas which according to O’Reilly has seen an escalation in recent years in favor of political correctness which has run out of control. Bill O’Reilly enjoys high ratings and stellar book sales because he pinpoints the moral decline in America that millions of Americans agree is happening in America. At the same time, the name Bill O’Reilly also invokes many an impassioned opinion with many Americans hating what he has to say and according to O’Reilly, have levied death threats against himself and his family for his outspoken views. As someone who has read this book and is well aware of the impact that O’Reilly has on American media, either in an affective way, either positive or negative, the opinions of the author always do invoke a response from individuals. Whatever controversies are the hot topic in the news, O’Reilly fearlessly confronts them and the reader, regardless of his political affiliation, is not left wondering what side of the isle O’Reilly is on. He sees many aspects of life in black and white and is both revered and hated for such beliefs. â€Å"The culture war must be won quickly and definitively, and the best way to do that is to expose the secular-progressive movement in our country for exactly what it is, to explain why it is so harmful for America, and to identify the movements top leaders. So here we go! † ( O’Reilly, 6) O’Reilly, towards the end of the book concedes that this will be a tough fight and that they winner is not set in stone. Therefore, expect more books of the same genre in the future from Bill O’Reilly. In the 200 pages of Culture Warrior, O’Reilly wastes no time in starting his unapologetic attacks on a wide variety of interests in America. â€Å"For a variety of reasons that I will explain, I have chosen to jump into the fray and become a warrior in the vicious culture war that is currently under way in the United States of America. And war is exactly the right term. On one side of the battlefield are the armies of the traditionalists like me, people who believe the United States was well founded and has done enormous good for the world. † (O’Reilly, 10) According to O’Reilly, an example of the influence of the secular progressives’ power and influence in American culture is the war on Christmas perpetuated by the chief of all secular progressives: The ACLU. â€Å"Gradually, Christmas trees did become ‘holiday trees,’ Christmas vacation became winter vacation and Christmas parades became â€Å"Festival of Lights. † (O’Reilly, 45) In America, between 80-85% of its citizens define themselves as Christians. Yet, O’Reilly points out the push by the secular progressives on the country towards a more religiously neutral celebration of the holidays. The word â€Å"Christmas† and â€Å"Merry Christmas† is no longer politically correct to say, but the more neutral â€Å"Happy Holidays. † Christmas trees are being replaced by Holiday trees even though their resemblance is the same. Using the term Christmas to describe the 25th of December as the birth of Jesus, and subsequently, the reason for the celebration is seen as oppressive to the minority in America that do not celebrate Christmas and therefore feel out of place during the Christmas season. On the other side of the isle are the traditionalists who see this as an assault on Christmas and political correctness gone too far and is out of touch with the majority of American in this country. O’Reilly identifies the actions of the secular progressives as efforts to move America into being identified as neutral when it comes to religious issues. In doing so, O’Reilly sees this trend as being in opposition to the motivations of the country’s founding fathers; that, the majority were very religious and their mention of God can frequently be found in their personal writings. O’Reilly outs the ACLU as center stage in his fight against the secular progressives. O’Reilly gives them credit for the lambasting of Christmas, the neutralization of religion in public life and for all sorts of moral degradations in American culture. This fight against the ACLU will not be completed any time soon and will most likely be seen in O’Reilly’s next book to be sure. O’Reilly points out in another example of the ideological differences between the secular progressives and traditionalists are their respective views on government and the desired role that each side wishes would play in their life. â€Å"On the home front in America, traditional forces strongly believe that their hard-earned money is not the property of the government, to be distributed as largesse to others who, perhaps, are not willing to work to earn their prosperity. †( O’Reilly, 75) O’Reilly points to Europe and the stagnation of the economy that many of the nations are enduring. There is little motivation to work and to get ahead in life because of the high level of taxation and the desire of the secular progressives to copy America’s government involvement after that of Europe’s. O’Reilly says that the secular progressives wish to drastically increase taxes and therefore, kill the incentives that many Americans have to be independent and to work for what they have instead of high taxations creating a cradle for people who do not wish to work. O’Reilly wishes to avoid America moving in that direction and that America’s economy remain independent of high taxes which would fund such social programs like handing out clean needles to drug addicts, condoms to students and free money to people who do not wish to work. Such ideas firmly place O’Reilly among the traditionalists of America and that is where he is likely to stay. Among one of O’Reilly’s most impassioned rants he saved towards the end of the book. It is against the people who seem to rant against America and all that is supposed to be wrong with her. In the chapter entitled â€Å"Hating America,† O’Reilly lists the people in the spotlight that seem to do their best to degrade America and the greatness that O’Reilly sees on a daily basis. O’Reilly, who is in opposition to the ideology of Norman Mailer but one who respects him, details the differences in their thinking concerning conservatives vs. liberals and for O’Reilly traditionalists vs. secular progressives and their opinion on America. â€Å"A good example of the useful face-off between polar opposites was my interview with Norma Mailer in March of 2006. One of America’s great writers, mailer doesn’t hate America but he finds it seriously flawed-as you know, a core secular progressive tenet. But mailer separates himself from the S-P garrison because he sees its weaknesses, selfishness and relativism. . . . Mailer says: ‘A great war is going on here, larger even that we realize, between liberals and the conservatives. The conservatives are saying in effect: ‘You guys are trying to wreck existence by becoming too vain, too godless. † And liberals are replying, â€Å"Your obsession that God is judgmental looks to force all of humanity into rigid patterns that won’t work any longer. † (O’Reilly, 120) O’Reilly thinks that Mailer is incorrect but unlike his personal detractors, does so in a respectful manner. â€Å"But Mailer is wrong. Traditional and conservative thinkers who understand their country do not put God at the head of public policy, nor do we point fingers at the opposition and label them sinners. Traditionalists believe that secular-progressive policies will weaken America and lead to societal chaos. While we see no reason to banish God from the public square, we don’t expect Him to be writing social policy on tablets and handing them to us in the Sinai. † ( O’Reilly, 193) O’Reilly does state the importance of the Bible and that it must be on the reading list of every true traditionalist but that a traditionalist will not be zealots in their pursuit of establishing a theocracy in America. In the second phase of secular progressives’ view that America is seriously flawed is their desire for America to no longer be the lone superpower in the world. â€Å"The secular progressive movement wants the United States to decline in power. It wants a new world order where global consensus would rule and the superpower model for our time would recede into obsolescence. †(O’Reilly, 194) But O’Reilly accurately points out a different side towards America’s effect in the world and an effect that is central to traditionalists’ opinion of America and of her greatness. â€Å" By contrast, the T-warrior will fight to keep, even increase America’s vast power. Why? Because T-warriors understand that the United States is a righteous country that has in our brief history freed billions of people from political enslavement. It is our might and money that brought down Tojo, Hitler and the Soviet Union†¦ If we go into decline, the world would be a much more dangerous place. Can you picture Russia and communist China dominating the world? How about the combined Arab states? † (O’Reilly, 194 Journalist as defined by O’Reilly, the answer is a resounding NO! The greatest strength of O’Reilly and the strength that makes him so successful can sometimes be one of his weaknesses: arrogance. Many of his points go beyond liberal or conservative, secularist or conservative but for the others, it might be seen as relative as it depends on the reader to make the final decision since the decline of morals or whether ignoring America’s religious foundations is a good or bad thing may never fully answered in this lifetime and in this country. But such topics are always good for material since millions of Americans do closely follow O’Reilly on the radio and on television. The reader’s view on the Culture Warrior depends upon their religious and political leanings. If one feels that the existence of a liberal media that wishes America’s influence in the world to be curtailed is greatly exaggerated and America’s declining morals either doesn’t exist or is not important, Culture Warrior will evoke a strong and negative response. However, on the other hand, if one defines himself as a conservative and/or traditionalist, then the topics that O’Reilly details will hit its mark. And for millions of Americans, it does just that. This is an important and entertaining book that, like much of what O’Reilly does and says, will spark many needed discussions around the classrooms and water coolers of America. O’Reilly is effective when it comes to seeing and articulating issues of importance in today’s ever changing society and most importantly, it is a window into the mindset of millions of Americans.

Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

In the poem Beowulf, there are many monsters that are slayed by the hero. Like in the poem, many monsters exist in our world today. One of the monsters that attack people is a negative attitude. This monster attacks numerous people everyday, limiting their potential to succeed. However, there is a hero who battles this monster everyday. This hero is my swim coach, Jim Keogh. Coach Keogh fights off the negative attitude that attacks his swimmers in every practice. With Keogh’s help, his swimmers can accomplish their goals by fighting off the negative attitude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A negative attitude is a monster that attacks many people in my life. People who live with a negative attitude are always depressed and worried about what they face everyday. I see this feeling in many of my fellow swimmers, as well as myself. The monster attacks us when we are most vulnerable, working hard at practice. The monster jumps into our brains and begins to make us to see ourselves failing. When we begin to worry about failing, we leave no time for ourselves to think about how to succeed in finishing the workout. This horrid beast lowers our self-confidence and limits our chances to put forth a full effort. The beast will engage in people if they are down on themselves about not achieving the standards they had set forth. When a swimmer swims a race and adds a couple of seconds to his best time, he will get upset. That is the moment when the monster attacks. The negative-attitude monster will make this person believe that he could never go any faster and that he had wasted all of his practice time. Along with attacking one of us at practice, the monster attacks others through a skillfully thought out plan. The way the plan works is that the monster makes one person believe they cannot make it through the workout. This person then begins to talk negatively about the set being too hard or too long. The other swimmers who have not been attacked listen to the infected one. They subsequently begin to doubt themselves. Then, in a matter of minutes, the monster has successfully conquered a whole group of swimmers and makes them believe that they cannot succeed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our hero who fights the negative attitude everyday is Coach Jim Keogh. Everyday at swim practice Keogh’s swimmers encounter many tiring moments when they are vulnerable for attack by the monster.

Mazzini’s Role in Uniting Italy

Explain and evaluate the role of Mazzini in the process of Italian unification to 1850 Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in June of 1805 into Napoleonic rule. He went on to play a vital role in the unification of Italy up until 1850. Although many of his endeavours failed, and he made mistakes that may even have backfired on his goal of Italian unification, he did play an important role. This was not so much directly, however, as through the influence he had, and the ideas he brought out of the shadows. Mazzini aimed to unite Italy, and made a lot of failed attempts to do so.He had a vision of an independent nation of ‘free men and equals’, and he also thought that all of the Italian speaking states should unite, not just the northern ones, as many people had previously considered. He was a strong believer in democracy, believing that it was necessary for the people’s voices and ideas to be heard. He did not, however, have any problem with the use of violence or revolution to bring about this united Italy, and in fact believed it would be necessary. In order to achieve this, he made a lot of endeavours, the majority of which were unsuccessful.In 1920 at the age of 15, he led a student demonstration, which was a failure and served only to get him into a lot of trouble – he was noticeably absent from the revolutions of 1820 and 1821 that followed soon after. He joined the Carbonari in the late 1820s, but was caught and arrested, and either exiled to France or set free and asked to leave the country (the exact nature of his departure is unknown), so he ended up in France by February of 1831. This was where he founded his first nationalist group – Young Italy.This was similar to a secret society, however had a slightly different philosophy, as it was founded on his personal beliefs of what a united Italy should be like, and what should be done to achieve it. He was soon expelled from France, so Young Italy did not get very far. He went to Switzerland and planned a revolt in Savoy, which also failed miserably. He then founded Young Europe, but was soon asked to leave Switzerland too. He went to England, where he founded the Second Young Italy, which also was not very successful.He then agreed to help the Bandiera brothers, two brothers who were planning a revolt in Italy, however this too failed, with less than 20 people turning up, and both of the brothers were shot. Clearly Mazzini’s career and direct role in the unification of Italy were not as significant as he had hoped they might be. One of Mazzini’s failures during this period was his alienation of the peasants. Although later on, in the 1960s, he brought the peasants very much into the action, at this point, he did little for them.Although he advocated freedom of speech and democracy, he had no plans to alleviate the stressful economic conditions for poor, or to make conditions better for the workers, who were the majority of the people in Italy. Instead his followers were mostly of the middle class, which was a significantly smaller group in number. Another failure was Mazzini’s noticeable absence in all of the main revolutions in Italy during this period. He took part neither in the revolutions of the early 1820s (although this was partly to do with his own negative experience) nor the revolutions occurring in the Papal States in 1831.While the most significant revolutions of the period –those in 1848 – were in some way influenced by him, he was not present here either. This brings to light a very important point – that while there were revolutions that were at least somewhat successful, Mazzini was not a part of them, leading one to consider that maybe he did not play an important role at all. It makes one consider that perhaps unification would have occurred just as readily without Mazzini, and question whether he was really that significant, however he did have some impact during th is time, in a less direct manner.One of the most important things that Mazzini did for the unification of Italy was to bring out a sense of national awareness. He created nationalist groups like Young Italy and Young Europe, which were aimed to appeal to the youth of Italy – the people who were not tied to the existing regime and were vulnerable to his propaganda. Despite being considered somewhat of a failure, he was well known throughout Europe (and especially in Italy), enough so that Metternich (the Austrian chancellor) once referred to him as ‘the most dangerous man in Europe’.This was not because he was particularly good at what he did, in fact most of his endeavours failed, as aforementioned, but because he was bringing ideas into the open, which had the potential to lead to revolutions and attempts to overthrow the existing forms of leadership. Many of his ideas had existed previously, but were unknown to the majority of the Italian people, and he made th em known throughout Italy. Whether people were interested in uniting Italy or not, he had brought the ideas out into the open, and rooted them in people’s minds.Mazzini was also quite a charismatic man, and so his speeches were paid a lot of attention. When he spoke about the possibilities for a united Italy, it was well received by a lot of people, and made them believe that even rather unrealistic ways of uniting Italy might by possible. In this way, Mazzini played a very important rule in the unification of Italy. Part of Mazzini’s role in the unification of Italy came not from his direct actions, but indirectly, from the actions of his followers.One of his most famous followers was Giuseppe Garibaldi, who helped to lead the revolution in Piedmont in 1848, and is today considered one of the most important figures in the unification of Italy. Garibaldi was a loyal follower of Mazzini in the early 18th Century, and although later in the century he began to disagree wi th much of Mazzini’s philosophy, he got many of his early ideas from Mazzini. But it was not just Garibaldi. During the 1848 revolutions, which occurred all over Europe and began in Italy, it was followers of Mazzini who set the ball rolling.They desired his goals of democracy and an independent united state, and were influenced by his belief that the only way to achieve this was through revolution. Perhaps Mazzini’s most important role in the unification of Italy, however, was the inspiration he left. Even to those who were already aware of ideas like his, and perhaps even those who already believed and were passionate about them, he acted as an inspiration to act. While many people at the time were just talking, he proposed actual action, which led people to believe there was a real chance of success.He had many followers, and even more admirers, and people liked to act in his name. The role of Giuseppe Mazzini is hard to define – on paper, his career was a fa ilure, and one might say he did very little to achieve any sort of unification for Italy, and in fact all of the significant events towards unification during this time seem to have occurred without his presence. However through the ideas he brought out, the people he influenced, and the inspiration he was to many people in Italy, he played a very large and significant role indeed. He was a crucial part of the unification of Italy up to 1850.

An Astrologer’s Day Essay

â€Å"An Astrologer's Day† has a deceptively simple plot, although the full significance of the story becomes evident only after a second or even third reading. Part of the difficulty arises from the fact that the author deliberately avoids markers that would benefit the reader: there is no clear indication where the story occurs or when it does, although it is possible to make an educated guess about both. The story begins almost in medias res (in the middle) and concludes on what appears to be an ambiguous note. But, in fact, the story is a tightly knit one in which all parts fit together. Description The story begins with a description of the astrologer, who is the central character in the story. In minute detail, his appearance, his clothes, and all the materials he uses to ply his trade are described. The astrologer, who is not given a name, comes across as a type, one of the many street vendors in India, who sit under the shade of a tree or a temporary shed and sell anything from vegetables to newspapers. This astrologer belongs to the same category although, given the nature of his trade, there is a need to dress and behave in a particular manner. He does that effectively by giving the impression of a holy man whose special powers enable him to function as an astrologer. Almost casually, the surroundings of the astrologer begin to take shape. While there are no clear references to a particular city, it is likely, since Narayan consistently uses the fictional city of Malgudi, that this story too takes place in Malgudi. In any event, one gets the impression of a somewhat backward city which still retains a measure of its rural character. The reference to â€Å"municipal lighting† is one of the strategies employed by the author to suggest a sense of the place. In†¦  » Complete An Astrologer's Day Summary

Separate From Great Britian essays

Separate From Great Britian essays Every kingdom divided against itself will be ruined, and every city or household divided against itself will not stand, Jesus observed in the Bible (Matthew 12:25). What does this mean to us, a brand new country working hard to succeed, despite oppression from the British? It tells us that if we stay with Great Britain, and continue to fight amongst ourselves, the flourishing kingdom we came here to build shall not triumph, but shall fall to their mercy. For years they have been profiting on our hard work, by cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world, taking advantage of us at every opportunity possible. The British have violated our natural rights by neglecting our feelings and forcing us to pay ridiculous taxes on ordinary items. Those tyrants have even absurdly told us that we must quarter their soldiers, whom we would rather have just go back to their own country. Tolerating such disrespect and neglect will only allow them to force more absurd rules and regulations upon us! The only way to escape from their clutch now is to stand tall with liberty and do anything we can to win back the blessed country that is rightfully ours. The British have found that they can greatly increase their wealth by disallowing us to import and export with countries other than them. This has given the British an immense advantage on us because they are able to pay whatever prices they see fit, since we cannot sell our goods to anyone else. On the other hand, with our imports, they can force us to pay very high prices for anything we need that is not available here, because we cant buy it from anyone else. Certain people who have been on the Kings side all through these rough times, have said that the British people are simply being kind by managing our goods and that without them graciously delivering necessary items, we would not survi ...

Free Essays on Savages

The Huaorani of the Ecuadorian Amazon are a tribe of fearsome warriors, able to endure for centuries whatever hardship the forest put in front of them. Having never been exposed to the outside â€Å"civilized† world until recently, the Huaorani lived their lives as their fathers had before them- getting everything they needed and wanted from the forest. They lived simpler lives of hunting and gathering, traveling as nomads wherever the forest took them. However, rich deposits of oil were discovered in the Amazon, and since then the Huaorani’s way of life has never been the same. Forced by the people of the outside world, or cowode meaning â€Å"cannibals†, to conform to their rules, their religion, and their politics, the Huaorani have been thrust into unfamiliar territory where their rules, their religion, and their politics are simply viewed as wrong and demonic. Because they have been forced to interact with the outside world, the Huaorani have had to dev elop relationships with many groups, most notably of which are the Christian missionaries and environmental groups. Each with their own reasons for being involved with the Huaorani, the missionaries and the environmentalists have had a major impact on the â€Å"new† life of the Huaorani. Christian missionary groups have been in full force in the Amazon since the beginning of oil drilling. With Rachael Saint at the faà §ade, missionaries have formed a relationship with the Huaorani. They believe that it is their divine duty to convert the Huaorani from their â€Å"†¦dark and demonic†¦culture† (Kane 40) and make the Huaorani’s lives better through God, Christ, and specialized education. But the relationship between the Huaorani and the missionaries is â€Å"†¦not of shared faith but of power and reward† (Kane 89). Many of the native people only believe in God and Christ because they have been forced to, or they truly do not believe in Christianity, only saying they do for... Free Essays on Savages Free Essays on Savages The Huaorani of the Ecuadorian Amazon are a tribe of fearsome warriors, able to endure for centuries whatever hardship the forest put in front of them. Having never been exposed to the outside â€Å"civilized† world until recently, the Huaorani lived their lives as their fathers had before them- getting everything they needed and wanted from the forest. They lived simpler lives of hunting and gathering, traveling as nomads wherever the forest took them. However, rich deposits of oil were discovered in the Amazon, and since then the Huaorani’s way of life has never been the same. Forced by the people of the outside world, or cowode meaning â€Å"cannibals†, to conform to their rules, their religion, and their politics, the Huaorani have been thrust into unfamiliar territory where their rules, their religion, and their politics are simply viewed as wrong and demonic. Because they have been forced to interact with the outside world, the Huaorani have had to dev elop relationships with many groups, most notably of which are the Christian missionaries and environmental groups. Each with their own reasons for being involved with the Huaorani, the missionaries and the environmentalists have had a major impact on the â€Å"new† life of the Huaorani. Christian missionary groups have been in full force in the Amazon since the beginning of oil drilling. With Rachael Saint at the faà §ade, missionaries have formed a relationship with the Huaorani. They believe that it is their divine duty to convert the Huaorani from their â€Å"†¦dark and demonic†¦culture† (Kane 40) and make the Huaorani’s lives better through God, Christ, and specialized education. But the relationship between the Huaorani and the missionaries is â€Å"†¦not of shared faith but of power and reward† (Kane 89). Many of the native people only believe in God and Christ because they have been forced to, or they truly do not believe in Christianity, only saying they do for...

How to Make Homemade Ink in 4 Easy Recipes

How to Make Homemade Ink in 4 Easy Recipes Ink is one of the practical contributions of chemistry. Using basic materials found at craft supply stores, you can make invisible inks and tattoo inks in addition to writing and drawing inks. Although some ink recipes are closely guarded secrets, the basic principles of preparing ink are simple. All you have to do is mix pigment with a carrier (usually water). It helps to include a chemical that  will allow the ink to flow fluidly and adhere to the paper (typically gum arabic, which is sold in powdered form). Black Permanent Ink  Recipe The most popular ink, black permanent ink can be prepared at home using the following materials: 1/2 tsp lamp black (This you can buy or make yourself by holding a plate over a candle and collecting the soot, or by collecting another form of char.)1 egg yolk1 tsp gum arabic1/2 cup honey Mix together the egg yolk, gum arabic, and honey. Stir in the lamp black. This will produce a thick paste that you can store in a sealed container. To use the  ink, mix this paste with a small amount of water to achieve the desired consistency. Applying a small amount of heat may improve the consistency of the solution, but be careful- too much heat will make the ink difficult to write with. Brown Ink  Recipe Brown ink is a popular alternative to black ink and can be prepared without any char or lamp black. All you need to make it is: 4 teaspoons loose tea or 4-5 tea bags1 teaspoon gum arabic1/2 cup boiling water Pour the boiling water over the tea. Allow the tea to steep for about 15 minutes. Squeeze as much tea (tannin) as possible from the tea or teabags. Stir in the gum arabic and mix until you have a consistent solution. Strain the ink so that you are left with a thick paste and allow it to cool before bottling it. Prussian Blue Ink  Recipe An even simpler recipe, and one that produces a bold color, is this recipe for Prussian blue, which painters have been using since the early 1700s. All you need to make it is: Prussian Blue pigment (sometimes sold as laundry bluing)Water Mix the pigment into the water until you have a rich blue ink with a thick consistency. Unless you happen to have a calligraphy pen, the easiest way to use these inks is with a homemade quill or a paintbrush. Blackberry Ink Recipe Like the recipe above, this one produces a rich blue ink, but one that is darker and made entirely of natural materials. To make it, you will need: 1 cup blackberries1/2 cup water1/2 tsp gum arabic4 drops thyme oil First, heat the blackberries in the water, pressing them to release the juice. Once the mixture is dark blue and all of the juice is released, strain the mixture and stir in the gum arabic until you have produced a thick paste. Add the thyme oil and stir. Allow the ink to cool before bottling it.

4 P in marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

4 P in marketing - Essay Example Brand equity is assets that are linked to a brand's name and symbol that adds to the value provided by a product or service to a firm and the customers of that firm.Those assets are generally brand awareness, loyalty, association with the brand and perceived quality value. Brand Equity is the value in the product that is carried through arising out of consumers' choice of that product. Brand image and awareness contribute to the brand equity when consumers have strong belief about that brand and become associated with it as natural and friendly users. Cauvin. blogspot With a view to restore the confidence and trust of UK investors who faced great losses during last credit crisis on account of the sub prime lending and failure of Northern Rock Bank, DREAM HOME fund will been launched in UK for the portfolio of JP Morgan.The main feature of the fund is to invest fund money in govt backed securities and real estate funds in foreign real estate trusts in emerging markets to get security, trust, and good returns. The fund will be of medium duration and enable UK investors to finance their dream homes for their young children when they grow matured. DREAM HOME Investment will position itself in the market to exhibit its strength to park their funds in good and strong portfolio to make it derive good returns with security. The required security will be possible by investments in Municipal bond, other bonds, government securities, gilds. Tax exempt instruments will be preferred. With this view DREAM HOME investment will provide higher interest rate thanks to its investment in high yielding portfolio. Investment in Indian real estate industry, which is thriving now, will provide the image of higher return yielding funds. Sam Fleming, November 1,2007, Daily Mail, Credit crisis 'could cripple UK economy' www.governmentbusiness.co.uk /content/view/2069/1) visited 0n 17th Nov.09 In Money market funds, returns on investment are very important factor to judge the credibility of the fund. A good and successful money market fund can deliver returns of around 7% per month and around 30% on annual basis. An Australian dollar fund managed by UBS Global Asset Management firm returned 6.9% on month basis and 29.7% on annual basis. On the opposite the Santander's money market fund returned a low 0.27% monthly return in Sept 09. The fund will get the support from the strong brand equity of JP Morgan. To build up further brand equity the product safety and investment security will help. The promotion of the fund will be done through websites and search engine support. The existing channel of distribution will support in promoting the product to wide range UK market. The target market will be mainly those who have burnt their fingers in the last Northern Rock debacle but yet ready to have a home for their dear children. Trust Home will be positioned in that segment to ca sh their sentiment. Brand equity is not made in a day or two. A strong marketing plan ie the most essential for creating strong brand equity. Understanding the market, locating the unattended segment that is unsatisfied or require proper servicing not done before is a must. Attending the unsatisfied investors in UK who neither could nor fulfill their dream home because of high prices or foreclosure will get a new opportunity to do that. Next task important towards building the brand equity of dream Home is to provide a solid background and opportunity to get their dream homes financed at the right time which is not present now because of the deteriorating real estate market but later in future. At present many people have lost their money. They will be able to save for the dream home tomorrow. The Dream Home fund will finance the balance amount after say 10 years for the home for the children. A vital part of their sentiment to gift a home to their children at the most opportune time when the present

Education and poverty in america Research Paper

Education and poverty in america - Research Paper Example Something should be done! The link between poverty and education is inextricable where education is a medium that enables those people born into poverty to be able to rise and scale in society. To illustrate this, studies have shown that 46% of those Americans who were brought up in low income households but failed to earn college degrees did not make it past the low income quartile. This can be compared to 16% for those who managed to earn a college degree. (Arora, 2012) It is possible to see the link between poverty and education at all educational levels. Poorer Americans begin their pre-primary education at a disadvantaged state. For children whose parents earn under $15,000 annually, their pre-primary enrollment rates are about 20% lower than those whose parents earn over $50,000 a year. (Friedman, 2012) This has a much deeper impact since children who went to pre-school are 31% less likely to repeat a grade and also 32% less likely to even drop out of school. This pre-primary education is believed to reduce crime rates because studies show that children who attended pre-school are one-fifth less likely to become chronic criminal offenders. (Friedman, 2012) Even in cross-country exams, the educational disadvantage of poorer students is evident. In the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examination, higher-income schools have a higher score than the lower-income schools. It was also apparent that the PISA scores by students from America were much more influenced by the backgrounds of their parents than in any other country. Students from richer homes perform significantly better than those from deprived backgrounds due to the quality of education they receive. Students from deprived backgrounds have fewer facilities, less qualified teachers and above all receive the least care. These among other factors come into play when the scores of various students are evaluated. It therefore does not come

Businss Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Businss Education - Essay Example So which disciplins nd skills r th most importnt Th most imprtiv skills r nlyticl bility, judgmnt, skill in intrprsonl rltions, th bility to ccpt rsponsibility nd to mk dcisions, gnrl dministrtiv skills (including th cpcity to ld othrs, to pln, to orgniz nd dlgt), brdth nd flxibility of mind, imgintion, fcility in prsonl communiction, nd strong prsonl motivtion. Ths qulitis r not ndd in prcisly th sm combintion for vry typ of position nd for ll kinds of crrs in businss. But, prticulrly for th highr dministrtiv positions, thy sm to b th qulitis tht nd most to b mphsizd. With th incrsing complxity of businss oprtions, th nd for stff spcilists is incrsing, t th sm tim tht thr continus to b n insistnt dmnd for bl dministrtors. Mny studnts will find tht thy cn mk thir most significnt contribution in stff positions. Howvr, th growing nd will b for mn with high lvl of nlyticl bility nd with sophistictd commnd of nlyticl nd rsrch tools drivd from th fundmntl disciplins. Sound trining in th physicl nd socil scincs nd in mthmtics nd sttistics, combind with th bility to pply ths tools to businss problms, is bcoming much mor importnt thn dtild knowldg of currnt prctic or th cquisition of routin skills. Ths conclusions gin ddd strngth from th fct tht similr findings r bing pplid in othr brnchs of duction. closly rltd illustrtion is th movmnt of som of th lding nginring schools towrd n "nginring-scinc" pproch nd wy from n mphsis on spcilizd tchniqus. Th scond qulifiction riss out of th wid vrition in th bilitis of thos who sk businss duction. Unfortuntly, mny who r dmittd to businss schools do not hv th kinds of qulifictions mphsizd bov, nd mny do not hv th mntl bility to cquir th nlyticl tools tht r incrsingly ncssry. Ths studnts will nvr ris fr in th businss world. But vn ths studnts will bnfit most from n mphsis in collg on th bsic nlyticl tools, on th fundmntls of businss dministrtion nd conomics, nd on good gnrl duction. Th long-trm nds of businss nd th crr nds of th studnt rquir tht mphsis b plcd on th kinds of fundmntl knowldg nd bsic skill dvlopmnt dscribd in this nd th prcding chptr. Spcil trining for th first job is justifid only if it cn b don without intrfring with this mor importnt objctiv. Sinc th tim studnt hs in collg, vn if grdut yr or two r ddd, is scrcly sufficint for this brodr objctiv, th opportunitis for prpring th studnt for his first job r svrly rstrictd. This will bcom lss srious problm s businss incrsingly ccpts th rsponsibility for this initil trining. brod curriculum mphsizing gnrl principls, fundmntl knowldg, nd brdth of viw dos not prpr th studnt for th routin nd dtil tht r likly to chrctriz his rly yrs in businss. H must lrn to ccpt th routin nd to bnfit from it. Wht h hs lrnd must b lbortd by xprinc bfor h is rdy for th highr lvls of mngmnt. frqunt complint by businssmn ginst th products of prticulrly th bst known grdut schools is tht "thy ll wnt to b vic-prsidnts tomorrow." Mor nd wisr counsling cn hlp with this problm. mor plntiful us of css nd problms tkn from th lowr lvls of mngmnt cn lso hlp. It is importnt to strss th nd for knowldg tht would id th businssmn in dling

Women in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women in Islam - Essay Example She has equally rights to get education and shows her skills in every field of life even in battle fields which some precedent examples are found in the history of Islam as well. She has given the rights to express her thoughts and to act upon her thoughts .Islam gave protection to women by describing laws for women protection like the dower concept in Islam is one step for women social life protection. Islam gave rights to the women at that time when the birth of a baby girl was considered as a curse in society .Islam preached lesson of equality and justice in society, and preached that women are equal to men in rights in society and both sex have to take care of each other rights and self-respect. So in short actions like forced girls marriages, their genitals mutilation forbidding them to drive cars and subjecting them to the humiliation of "instant" divorce are not Islamic actions at all and are against the Islamic laws. Islam was a revolutionary religion for all universe including women the first state policies declared for women safety in society were described by Islam. By Quran and hadith the impact of Islamic faith on women: Spiritual equality of men and women: In Islam men and women are equal spiritually if they are doing good will be blessed by God else will be punished and the criteria for measurement of their deeds is same and equal, both will face equal punishment by doing bad and will enjoy blessing if doing good .

Should American Soldiers have Invaded into the Irak War Essay

Should American Soldiers have Invaded into the Irak War - Essay Example activities to religiously aggravated 'jihad.' There is currently a self-governing Iraqi regime, and a contract in place to get rid of a considerable number of US military troops from the state. President Bush argued all through the two terms of his administration that the warfare in the country Iraq was a front procession in a war in opposition to global violence and terrorism. This belief was contemplated annually in special foundational addresses, and brought about substantial debate in the U.S and around the world. This essay will cover up the reasons as to why the American soldiers shouldn’t have invaded into Iraq. At the present it is finally recognized that there were no organic associations between Al Qaeda and Iraq in 2003, nor were artillery or weapons of mass obliteration and destruction ever found. So the question which arises is that should American soldiers have invaded into the Iraq War? A number of people think that the war was a fair and just route, while on th e other hand many believe that it was an intended endeavor by the American government to guard their economic wellbeing. This essay will draw attention to the two aspects of the debate that have been carried out in recent times. Individuals that defended this confrontation, particularly those that admire George .w. Bush state that if Iraq is not calmed down or stabilized, it could turn out to be a ground for terrorist breeding and a secure location for Osama Bin Laden or one more Saddam. The truth remains that the American armed forces that marched into Iraq failed to present the weapons they declared Hussein had his hands on. If the government of the United States truly planned to get rid of leaders who crush or trample upon the rights of humans or of their nation, Saddam must not have been the single target while at the moment of the attack. In my own opinion, American attack on Iraq was established on economic motives. US administration had the oil in mind which is abundantly fou nd in Iraq, and that was the purpose for execution the attack even without the complete agreement or support of the UN Security Commission. An attack on Iraq for the intention of "government transformation" would not be an officially authorized war if one considers the international law. As stated by Mohammad Taghi â€Å"Article 2(4)  of the UN Charter states that All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations." Random assassinations, use of grenades, dozens of aggressive groups, and an intensified feeling of insecurity and depression troubles Iraq. The proof of enveloping and relentless chaos is all over the place, from the official figures of mortality to extended approximations of numerical results, from the news of families abandoning hazardous areas by the amount of tens of thousands to the demolishing of governance. As stated by Thomas G. Manken â€Å"The lethal fighting is all-pervading, but without an evident front or a visible strategy and for those reasons, among others, it is poorly understood.† Bombing of nationals population is a type of violence and terrorism  even more repugnant comparative to low-tech terrorism street killing and bombing of innocents. Opponents of the attack argued that it lead to the loss of hundreds of Iraqi nationals and military in addition to

Women in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women in Islam - Essay Example She has equally rights to get education and shows her skills in every field of life even in battle fields which some precedent examples are found in the history of Islam as well. She has given the rights to express her thoughts and to act upon her thoughts .Islam gave protection to women by describing laws for women protection like the dower concept in Islam is one step for women social life protection. Islam gave rights to the women at that time when the birth of a baby girl was considered as a curse in society .Islam preached lesson of equality and justice in society, and preached that women are equal to men in rights in society and both sex have to take care of each other rights and self-respect. So in short actions like forced girls marriages, their genitals mutilation forbidding them to drive cars and subjecting them to the humiliation of "instant" divorce are not Islamic actions at all and are against the Islamic laws. Islam was a revolutionary religion for all universe including women the first state policies declared for women safety in society were described by Islam. By Quran and hadith the impact of Islamic faith on women: Spiritual equality of men and women: In Islam men and women are equal spiritually if they are doing good will be blessed by God else will be punished and the criteria for measurement of their deeds is same and equal, both will face equal punishment by doing bad and will enjoy blessing if doing good .

The effect of inbreeding on natural selection in a seed-feeding beetle Article

The effect of inbreeding on natural selection in a seed-feeding beetle - Article Example The objective of the study is to understand whether offspring survival related to egg size is affected by inbreeding or not. To conduct the experiment beetle population was collected from Acacia gregii and bred in the laboratory for almost 12 generation before experimentation. Seed pods from both A. greggii and P.florida trees were used to fulfill the seeds requirement in the experiment and the seeds of the individual trees were thoroughly mixed to control seed coat variation among the seeds. Following the experimental design outbred females were mated with one sibling or non-sibling outbred male beetle after which the female laid their eggs on P.florida to record survival of all the offspring while A.greggii was used for rearing owing to the high rate of larval survival. These first generation adults when emerged from the seeds were used to create a second generation of both inbred and outbred offspring. The beetle pair was put in Petri dishes containing 20 seeds of P.florida and only one larva per seed was allowed to develop inside a chamber controlled at a temperature of 29-30 degrees. In the experimen t, 2-3 eggs were measured per Petri dish using a dissecting scope and finally 460 eggs from females mated to sibling males and 512 eggs from females mated to non-sibling males were collected. To illustrate the relation between the offspring survival and the size of the egg GAM model and linear probability models were used. The conclusive results showed that egg size did not differ much between females that were inbred and out bred; however, inbreeding vastly affected the survival rate. Eggs resulting from outbreeding survived more than those that were inbred. The values for egg to adult survival 0.66 in case of outbred offspring but a reduction of about 29.5% was seen in case of inbred ones. Linear probability model revealed that larva from larger eggs survived more than those emerging from smaller ones. It was evident from the logistic regression

Music In My Life Presenation Essay Example for Free

Music In My Life Presenation Essay MUSIC Music is an influence in everyone’s life. The type of music you listen to can shape the person you become and how you act in different situations. The first instrument I learned how to play was the piano. I only played for about a year or so, then I moved on to the violin. I was a big fan of the violin and recall playing in several recitals with my instructor. I found the recitals to be both exciting and nerve racking at the same time, but in the end it was an unforgettable experience I could not live without. During my high school years I became a fan of the guitar. I started playing the acoustic guitar and I enjoyed it more than every other instrument I ever played growing up. Upon my high school graduation, I purchased my own electric guitar. From that day on I tried to play it as often as I could, but now I do not have the time for it like I used to which is a shame and depressing. MY DREAMS One of my fears in life is not having enough time to achieve all of my dreams. I would love to go on a cruise to the Caribbean. While growing up, vacations with my family were a big part of my life and continuing that lifestyle is of utmost importance to me. I am an adventurous type of person and would enjoy doing a few â€Å"extreme† activities in my life. These activities would consist of skydiving and bungee jumping. Another dream of mine is to visit every state in the United States, as well as travel around the world. Later on in life, I would like to complete my career goals by obtaining my PhD to further my career. One of my biggest dreams I hope to achieve someday would be to go to Germany and visit the town named after my family. In Germany, my family was considered Dukes and we eventually had a town named after us. This would be an ideal vacation and it is one the most amazing things I hope to do at some point in my life.

Factors Affecting Average Spending Power Marketing Essay

Factors Affecting Average Spending Power Marketing Essay Introduction: Krajewski Ritzman (1987) Operation management is the systematic direction and control of the process that transforms inputs into finished goods and services. Operations management involves the responsibility to ensure that business operations are efficient in terms of resource use as little as a necessary and effective in terms of customer requirements. At this current age, hospitality has grown up much bigger than even it was expected in last couple of decades. It is one of the most leading business sectors in the business world but in many different forms where efficient service is being offered to the clients using as little resources as possible to gain the client satisfaction. Throughout this report we will be finding how the hospitality operations management performs in the practical business market and necessary theoretical evident discussion will be done to emphasis the aspects of the topic. Part A Factors affecting average spending power (ASP) The average spending power is a compromise or could be called as a joint decision between equal partners in the pricing process such as between the hotel or restaurant and the customers. In the context of hospitality, the customers are usually offered with a wide range of food and beverage items of different price labels which actually brings about average spending power. Generally the average spending power is very much depended on the customer or guests whims or impulse. The spending power could be affected by the following factors Size of income Status Socio/cultural influences Economic situation Key Stages in Product and Service Development There are number of stages in product and service development process, the key stages are follows Market research, Market segmentation, Idea evaluation, Concept development Product development Advertising objectives Create Desire Create awareness Sell Increase market share Develop brand loyalty Customer awareness (http://churchill.ac/moodle/file.php/52/Stages_of_Product_Development.ppt) The features, contribute towards customers perception of product and service The features, contribute towards customers perception of product and service are follows Marketing Research The market research is a systematic way to meet, to store and to analyze of data in markets, competition, future tendencies and other factors affect the business operational process. It is done generally to be to more clients oriented and in other way to advance the efficiency and the effectiveness of the whole operational process. Market segmentation Market Segmentation could be defined as the identification of a subset of consumers, so that a combination of the marketing thinks up to satisfy specifically its demand. Advertising and Merchandising Advertising are generally a paid way of non-personal form of presentation and promoting the idea or ideas, goods or services by a particular company or sponsor intended to reach their desired set of customers. It is the leading marketing weapon in the market place. This process requires objectives like other marketing elements. Advertising Objectives The advertising objective varies for individual organisation depending on the time of advertising. Using this process advertiser expect short or long time benefits. Competition, consumer behaviour, revenue and profits will all influence the advertising objectives from time to time. Opportunities and Constraints Affecting Product and Service Development The following issues are affecting the product and service development Availability of resources; human, financial, and physical resources standardisation, style of service, space utilisation A range of Merchandising opportunities for Hospitality Products and Service The opportunities are Persuade customers to patronise the hotel or restaurant often. Create desire for product/service in the winds of potential customers Emphasise benefits and advantages of the products/ services (http://churchill.ac/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=665) Create an awareness of the product Increase the market share Improve revenue Influence the attitude of the public towards the product Improve brand loyalty Confirm in the minds of customers that they have made the correct choice Enhance the desired image of the hotel or restaurant (http://churchill.ac/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=665) Methods of Pricing and additional Pricing considerations Methods of Pricing Cost-oriented Cost-oriented pricing involves the determination of all fixed and variable costs associated with a product or service. After the total costs attributable to the product or service have been determined, managers add a desired profit margin to each unit. Cost-oriented pricing method could be summarized as Cost + Fixed profit percentage = Selling price Market-oriented Market-oriented pricing determines Pricing at the same level as the competition. The organization has to assess how its product relates to a competitive product and set its price at a comparable level to stay competitive in the market place.   Additional Pricing considerations Service Charge, Cover Charge, Minimum Charge A system. (http://churchill.ac/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=744) Factors in Hospitality Operations affect Revenue Generation and Profitability The following factors affect Revenue Generation and Profitability in Hospitality Operations Factors affecting revenue generation Sales mix It is a way of mixing the relative set of products together and setting up a comparatively lower price than the sum of individual products together as promotion to raise the organizational total sale, but it is actually less than the total amount it could be if it was sold as individual, therefore it affect the revenue generation at the end. Customer turnover Revenue generation depend on customer turnover, if the customer are not attracted by the product or satisfied with the service, they would not come back to organization again and therefore sales will be very badly affected and revenue generation at the same time. Average spending power (ASP) Average spending power is completely depend on the customers will; customers are free to decide whether to spend extra or not. If the average spending power of the customer or guests lower down, the sales will go down as well therefore the revenue will be affected as where there is no sales there is no revenue. Factors affecting profitability Labour intensity To produce goods or to delivered service large amounts of human effort is required specially the industry like hospitality where they are very much people oriented. The larger the human effort against the product or service the larger the amount would be paid and would lower the profitability. Shelf-life Self-life determines the length of time a product may be stored or preserved without deterioration; the length of time it remains usable. If the product or service is not suitable to use it will be left as waste and therefore it will affect the profitability very badly. Elasticity of demand If the availability against demand is not met properly the profitability will go down as sales will go down. The aspects of hospitality operations which are commonly appraised Structuring the discussion Building trust and rapport Objectivity Balancing praise and criticism Setting objectives Getting buy-in Making them motivational Career plans Follow up and action (http://churchill.ac/moodle/file.php/52/Appraisal_and_improved_performance.ppt) Two of the aspects of hospitality operations which are commonly appraised Structuring the discussion The organizations take decisions time to time to carry on developing their products or to improve the service they usually offer. This sort of decision should be taken based on their management and development strategy set by the organisation earlier. The set of decisions has to be structured or arranged in a sorted manner so that they can be used in the future to keep their standards of the product or services. Setting objectives In order to produce or offer a quality service the organisation must set the objectives targeting the goal which they are intended to achieve. The objectives could couple in numbers depending on the organisation and the label of their product and services. After setting up the objectives the organisation will follow the production or operation strategy to achieve the objectives for that particular stage. Reasons for Appraising To identify areas for improvement on operations. Identify areas where products and services are thriving as well as areas of failure. To improve on performances To identify constraints and capitalise on opportunities (http://churchill.ac/moodle/file.php/52/Appraisal_and_improved_performance.ppt) Definition and Description of Pricing Method adopted by a firm to set its  selling price. It usually depends on the  firms  average costs, and on the  customers  perceived value of the product in  comparison  to his or her perceived  value  of the competing  products. Different pricing  methods  place varying degree  of emphasis on  selection, estimation, and  evaluation  of costs,  comparative analysis, and  market  situation. See also  pricing strategy. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/pricing.html) In other word, Pricing is a fundamental aspect of financial modelling, and is one of the four Ps of the marketing mix. The other three aspects are product, promotion, and place. Price is the only revenue generating element amongst the four Ps. Pricing is the manual or automatic process of applying prices to purchase and sales orders. (http://churchill.ac/moodle/file.php/52/price_and_profitability.ppt) To develop the price for a new product the following strategy would be followed Developing marketing strategy perform marketing analysis, segmentation, targeting and positioning. Make marketing mix decision define the product, distribution, and promotional tactics. Estimate the demand curve understand how quantity demanded varies with price. Calculate Cost include fixed and variable costs associated with the products. Understand environmental factors evaluate likely competition actions, understanding legal constraints etc. Set Pricing Objective for example, profit maximization, revenue maximization, or price stabilization. Determine Pricing Using information collected in the above steps, select a pricing method, develop the pricing structure and define discounts (http://churchill.ac/moodle/file.php/52/price_and_profitability.ppt) Part B In this part of the report, I will be discussing the relevant practical issues required by the project and presenting some evidential information found throughout my individual research on TESCO PLC, Hancock Road, Broomly -By Bow, London E3 3DA. Background: Tesco  plc  is a British international grocery and general merchandising retail chain founded by  Jack Cohen  in 1919. The brand first appeared after Cohen bought a shipment of  tea  from  T.E. Stockwell  and he used those initials and added the first two letters of his own surname. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in  Burnt Oak,  Edgware, Middlesex. During the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, and also through acquisitions, until it owned more than 800 stores. Originally specialising in food and drink, it has  diversified  into areas such as clothing, electronics,  financial services,  telecoms, home, health, car and dental  insurance, retailing and renting  DVDs, CDs,  music downloads,  Internet  services and  software. It is the largest British  retailer  by both global sales and domestic market share, with profits exceeding  £3 billion, and the third largest global retailer based on revenue, after  Wal-Mart  andà ‚  Carrefour  and second largest in profit behind Wal-Mart. (http://www.thefree4all.com) Figure and information extracted from (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco) Figure: The Current information about TESCO PLC Nature of the Product Tesco Broomly-By-Bow offers Food, Beverage, and quality services. They also offers non-food items including holiday accessories, travel insurance etc. The food range comprised with frozen, chilled, regular item. Fresh produce (Fruit, Vegetable) items are even offered there. Range of Product: Clothes, World Foods, Asian, Halal, Afro Caribbean, Greek, Polish Different Influences affecting Patterns of Demand There are number of influences affecting the patterns of demand External Factor Several National customers Several different expectation Religious aspects on foods Halal Food Competitive price offered by the competitor Range of product Current financial crisis etc. Internal Factor Product Packaging Competitive Price offered by Tesco Multi buy product mix offered Product design Value product to attract the customer with low spending budget Tescos backlog Policy Customer expectations and requirements The profile of the client could be defined as description of client that includes demographic, geographical, and characteristics of psychographic, buying guideline, the reliability, and the history of purchase. A complete survey been done to the TESCO Broom-By-Bow branch among the customer and the details are bellow Research Method Primary research (Field research, fresh data) Questionnaire survey (Close ended) Sampling (Selecting set of customer from a larger number of customers) Location: Broomly-By-Bow Secondary research (Existing data) Internet After surveying 100 customer of different age group the following result is been found Figure: Top chart describes the likings on different age group; Bottom Chart shows the overall product expectation to the TESCO Broomly-By-Bow.

The Great War Essay -- essays research papers

The Great War , or as it is known now, World War One was a global conflict fought between the Allied Powers ; Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States along will other smaller nations and the Central Powers ; Germany, Austria – Hungary, Turkey/Ottoman Empire and other small nations from 1914 to 1918. World War One began from a series of tumultuous events, that in turn affected the balance of alliances that had been made between countries at that time in the world. The ignition, or rather start of these events occurred on June 28th, 1914, when the Archduke of Austria – Hungary, Frances Ferdinand and his wife, were assassinated by a young Serbian militant, Gavrilo Princep. Austria – Hungary was ensured of support from the German government if the declared war against Yugoslavia, who had a defensive treaty with Russia. On July 25th, Austria – Hungary extended a ten point ultimatum to the Serbian government, along with a forty – eight hour deadline to enforce the ultimatum. July 28th marked the official declaration of war between Austria and Yugoslavia. The conflict was begun with the intentions of seizing a portion of Serbian territory and utilizing that as a leverage tool to gain their demands. The Russian military began its mobilization efforts to protect Yugoslavia. Trying to still maintain peace the Russians said they would not attack if peace talks would begin. The Germans then issued a twelve hour deadline for th e demobilization of the Russian build up, and the Germans declared war on the Russians on August 1st, 1914. Although Germany had perhaps not been planning for this conflict to materialize in the exact manner that it had, they did have a â€Å"contingency† plan. That plan was known as the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan consisted of war plans for the invasions of all the European nations. The German Military leader Moltke determined that the war had to be fought and won on the western front in order to defeat the Russians (Germany in World War One, Holburn) . Germany then declared war on France on August 3rd , 1914, and invaded Belgium the following day. Belgium tried to resist the oncoming Germans, but fell in three days. The English became involved due in part to the Treaty of London of 1839, in which Great Britain guaranteed to help defend Belgium’s independence. Great Britain then issued an ultimatum to the Germans to withdraw f... ...ntry in a more thorough state of defense but also to exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring the Government of the German Empire to terms and end the war†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , ( First World War, Wilson). On April 6, 1917 Congress passed President Wilson’s declaration of war with Germany. American manpower contribution rose from 200,000 to over 2 million by the war’s end, in part due to Selective Service Act, passed in May 1917. this act called for all males to register for draft induction to the military, between the ages of 18 and 30. Of the 24.2 million registered, only 2.8 million were drafted, ( America, Past and Present, 7th ed., Divine). With American intervention, Allied forces doubled in size and were able to start making ground against the German/Central Powers in Europe. Throughout the fall and early winter of 1918, Allied forces catapulted on even the Germans eastern front (the Balkans and Rumania), when the German military leader Ludendorff st ated, â€Å" The condition of the army demands an immediate armistice†, (Germany During World War One, Holburn). On November 11, 1918 ( thereafter, known as Armistice Day), Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War One. The Great War Essay -- essays research papers The Great War , or as it is known now, World War One was a global conflict fought between the Allied Powers ; Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States along will other smaller nations and the Central Powers ; Germany, Austria – Hungary, Turkey/Ottoman Empire and other small nations from 1914 to 1918. World War One began from a series of tumultuous events, that in turn affected the balance of alliances that had been made between countries at that time in the world. The ignition, or rather start of these events occurred on June 28th, 1914, when the Archduke of Austria – Hungary, Frances Ferdinand and his wife, were assassinated by a young Serbian militant, Gavrilo Princep. Austria – Hungary was ensured of support from the German government if the declared war against Yugoslavia, who had a defensive treaty with Russia. On July 25th, Austria – Hungary extended a ten point ultimatum to the Serbian government, along with a forty – eight hour deadline to enforce the ultimatum. July 28th marked the official declaration of war between Austria and Yugoslavia. The conflict was begun with the intentions of seizing a portion of Serbian territory and utilizing that as a leverage tool to gain their demands. The Russian military began its mobilization efforts to protect Yugoslavia. Trying to still maintain peace the Russians said they would not attack if peace talks would begin. The Germans then issued a twelve hour deadline for th e demobilization of the Russian build up, and the Germans declared war on the Russians on August 1st, 1914. Although Germany had perhaps not been planning for this conflict to materialize in the exact manner that it had, they did have a â€Å"contingency† plan. That plan was known as the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan consisted of war plans for the invasions of all the European nations. The German Military leader Moltke determined that the war had to be fought and won on the western front in order to defeat the Russians (Germany in World War One, Holburn) . Germany then declared war on France on August 3rd , 1914, and invaded Belgium the following day. Belgium tried to resist the oncoming Germans, but fell in three days. The English became involved due in part to the Treaty of London of 1839, in which Great Britain guaranteed to help defend Belgium’s independence. Great Britain then issued an ultimatum to the Germans to withdraw f... ...ntry in a more thorough state of defense but also to exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring the Government of the German Empire to terms and end the war†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , ( First World War, Wilson). On April 6, 1917 Congress passed President Wilson’s declaration of war with Germany. American manpower contribution rose from 200,000 to over 2 million by the war’s end, in part due to Selective Service Act, passed in May 1917. this act called for all males to register for draft induction to the military, between the ages of 18 and 30. Of the 24.2 million registered, only 2.8 million were drafted, ( America, Past and Present, 7th ed., Divine). With American intervention, Allied forces doubled in size and were able to start making ground against the German/Central Powers in Europe. Throughout the fall and early winter of 1918, Allied forces catapulted on even the Germans eastern front (the Balkans and Rumania), when the German military leader Ludendorff st ated, â€Å" The condition of the army demands an immediate armistice†, (Germany During World War One, Holburn). On November 11, 1918 ( thereafter, known as Armistice Day), Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War One.

Ethical and Legal Issues Essay

Nurses make legal and ethical decisions when caring for patients; decisions that need to be made carefully because the decisions could possibly change a patients’ life. There are theories to explain how to problem solve ethically and the theories are not based on emotion (Guido, 2006). This paper will discuss the relationship between legal and ethical issues and ethical theories, examples will be provided. Ethics can be described as principles and standards that are a guide to conduct used to elevate the standard of compliance (Judson & Harrison, 2010). Ethics is derived from the Greek word â€Å"ethos† ethics explains actions as right or wrong in respect to cultural principles and values. Moral values are personal beliefs that are intertwined with ethical actions and behaviors (Guido, 2006). Ethics, similar to values, are individualistic and they come from our experiences, culture and actions. While one’s values or moral ethics may be different, the nurse’s ability to conform to a patient’s ethical behavior is important (The VA leads change toward Integrated Ethics approach, 2008). The legal system was created to establish policies to protect the public (Judson & Harrison, 2010). The laws that are set can be changed when evidence suggests amendments are necessary. The relationship between law and ethics is apparent when discussing a patient’s healthcare decision that goes against the norms or beliefs of the healthcare provider. An example would be the patient exercising his or her right to refuse treatment for a disease process that will result in imminent death, such as a patient in renal failure refusing dialysis (Guido, 2008). Shannon (2008) discussed the differences of legal and ethical decisions as â€Å"morally ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary† treatment related to the provision of assisted nutrition and hydration, particularly for patients in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state† (p.894). Metaethics is a nonnormative ethic that attempts to describe the implication between moral concepts or statements and the justification of why something is regarded good or ethically correct. Normative ethics understand standards of behavior and application of these behaviors in life. Normative ethicsbranch out into two broad categories called deontological and teleogical theories (Guido, 2006). Deontological theories focus on the intended action not the consequences of one’s actions (Guido, 2006). The theory focuses on the dignity and sense of duty of the individuals and finds the relationship between the person and the action. Deontological theories are divided into two subcategories; act deontology and rule deontology. Guido (2006) states that â€Å"act deontology is based on the personal moral values of the person making the ethical decision, whereas rule deontology is based on the belief that certain standards for ethical decisions transcend the individual’s moral values† (p. 4). Teleological theories are based on the simple concept, right actions have good consequences and bad actions have bad consequences. This theory suggests the act of right or wrong is directly related to the consequence of the action. Utilitarianism stems off of teleogical theories, explains that consequences count and acts are determined by the consequence. Some utilitarian’s believe that the moral rightness of a consequence is determined by the greatest number of good or the least harm and suffering (Guido, 2006). Considering the moral rightness is based on greatest number to benefit from the greatest good, actions based on the utilitarianism theory can often be unethical and illegal. Nurses in acute care settings are faced daily with ethical issues and concerns. Shannon (2008) examines the terms â€Å"morally ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary† in respect to patients in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state† (p. 894). It is thought if we can keep the body alive we should, â€Å"capacity generated obligation† but there is a compromise in human dignity, making this both a legal and ethical dilemma (Shannon, 2008, p. 894). Euthanasia and end of life care often cause a lot of animosity, as they have been distorted by general public. Shannon (2008) states, â€Å"Discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary, or disproportionate to the expect outcome can be legitimate; it is the refusal  of over-zealous treatment† (p. 898). This statement defines euthanasia in its most accepted form withdrawal of treatment. This makes the act legal, but is it ethical to withdraw treatment that was started to sustain life, knowing that the result ends in death?Another example of an ethical issue in an acute care setting is preserving organs for donation in a patient who is pronounced dead following a cardiac event. Organ donation is a personal choice that can be expressed though written consent by the donor. Although, if there is no documentation of the patients wishes, family members have to make the decision in the event of unexpected death. Is it legal and ethical to maintain the body of a patient who has died in order to keep the organs viable while waiting for the family’s decision (Bonnie, Wright, & Dineen, 2008)?When a patient has been declared dead according to neurological criteria hospitals will maintain organ viability while awaiting family decision about donation. Procedures are started post-mortem by a transplant team to determine candidacy for donation. Medications are started and additional lines are inserted. All of which are done after the patient is declared dead. This is legal in many states, in fact there is a statute called the â€Å"immunity clause† to protect the health care workers from any liability, but is it ethical (Bonnie, Wright, & Dineen, 2008)? According to Bonnie, Wright, and Dineen (2008), â€Å"Organ preservation in cases of uncontrolled cardiac death violates no legally protected interest of the family members. It does not constitute â€Å"mutilation of the body† and falls comfortably within the general principle that hospitals have no duty to deliver corpses to families in their exact condition of death† (p.744). Consider this statement and place an ethical emphasis on your thought process. Healthcare workers are not legally bound to deliver the bodies of their loved ones in the exact condition of their death. In conclusion, through cultural norms, behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes the ethical behaviors of healthcare workers are analyzed. The governing bodies of healthcare such as the American Nurses Association and the American Medical Association mandate healthcare workers to uphold ethical values in his or her practice. The legal system maintains the right to investigate and examine decisions made by healthcare practitioners when decisions appear unethical or perhaps unlawful. The various ethical theories provide  direction for healthcare practitioners and ethics review boards with decision-making processes. References Bonnie, R., Wright, S. & Dineen, K. (2008). Legal authority to preserve organs in cases of uncontrolled cardiac death: preserving family choice. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from EbscoHost Database. Guido, G. W. (2006). Legal and ethical issues in nursing (4 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Judson, K. & Harrison, C. (2010). Law and ethics for medical careers (5th ed). New York,NY: McGraw-Hill. Shannon, T. (2008). Unbind him and let him go: Ethical issues in the determination of proportionate and disproportionate treatment. Theological Studies, 69, 894-917. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from MasterFILE Premier database. The VA leads change toward Integrated Ethics approach. (Cover story). (2008, December). Medical Ethics Advisor, Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database.

Gun Control Research Paper

Guns In The United States In today’s society of political turmoil, violence, and economic tragedies, many gun control advocates are pushing for more gun regulations from the government. Guns have been a part of America’s way of life for centuries. However, it was not until the 20th century that the government enacted it’s first gun control act. The National Firearms Act was enacted in 1934, as stated in â€Å"Firearm Laws, Regulations, and Ordinances,† edited by Sandra Alters, in response to the increased criminal and gangster activity as a result of prohibition (19).This act aimed to make it more difficult to acquire specific firearms by establishing a $200 tax on firearms (Alters, ed. 19). In 1968, the Gun Control Act was passed and amended the National Firearms Act of 1934 to include a wider range of firearms. This act was passed in the wake of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. The act required firearm dealers to be federally licensed, restricted interstate sales of firearms, and forbid the sale of firearms to minors or criminals (Alters, ed. 19).The passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968 was criticized, however. The main criticism involving the Gun Control Act of 1968 was that the act penalized law-abiding citizens and rewarded criminals (Alters, ed. 20). In 1986, the Firearms Owners’ Protection Act greatly amended the Gun Control Act of 1968 in an attempt to address the various criticisms and concerns linked to the act. There have been various gun control regulations enacted since 1986; however, the enactment of the Firearms Owners’ Protection Act is one of the largest regulations ever put into place.Much of the controversy over gun control laws now and then involves the second amendment to the constitution. Today, lawmakers face much pressure from gun control advocates, as well as anti-gun control advocates regarding gun laws. However, putting more regulations on guns is no t going to change the way that people use them, which many gun control advocates believe to be true. There should be no further government gun control in America because additional gun control will not lower violence and it is not financially feasible to enforce additional gun control laws.The most significant federal gun control act today is the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993, as discussed in James Jacobs and Kimberly Potter’s article â€Å"Keeping guns out of the ‘wrong' hands: the Brady law and the limits of regulation. † This act requires federal firearm licensees to run background checks on gun sale purchases, and also created a federal database for federal firearm licensee’s access to The National Instant Criminal Background Check System (Jacobs and Potter). A 5-day waiting period for the purchase of a gun was also introduced.The National Instant Criminal Background Check System is to provide access to names of those persons not allowe d to purchase a gun (Jacobs and Potter). The aim of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act was to prevent criminals, or ineligible persons from purchasing guns. The Brady Act expanded the definition of an ineligible person to include: illegal drug users and addicts, former mental patients, illegal aliens and persons dishonorably discharged from the armed forces (James and Potter). This act, along with the other regulations discussed, form the current federal gun control laws.One central view of gun control advocates in support of additional gun control is the belief that banning guns would lower violence in America. Stephen E. Wright, writer of â€Å"From the Bluff,† claims that the main focus of anti-gun groups is on gun ownership (par. 2). Anti-gun groups claim that if citizens did not own guns, fewer crimes would be committed. Although taking away guns appears to be a good plan to reduce crime, it is not a realistic one. Banning gun ownership could have an effect simila r to the Prohibition Act of 1920.In 1920, the American government put a ban on all alcohol in the United States. One of the central ideas behind the Prohibition Act was to create a safer America for its citizens. The Prohibition Act did not make for a safer America; however, the effect of the Prohibition act was the development of widespread organized crime, resulting in a increase in the number of criminals. Jeff Hill, writer of â€Å"Defining Moment Prohibition,† explains, widespread disregard for the prohibition act resulted in corruption of government officials, police forces and law enforcement (75).Government statistics show that crime actually rose during the prohibition years, contrary to what the government believed would occur (Hill, 76). The banning of guns could have the same effect as the Prohibition of alcohol. Prohibiting guns could create more widespread organized crime and an increased number of criminals, as it would be a criminal act to purchase or own a gu n. While the idea that fewer guns would lead to less violence in America seems reasonable, when the effects of the Prohibition Act of 1920 are considered, it is seen that the prohibition of guns may have very negative consequences.Another common belief of gun control advocates is that increased purchasing regulations will help prevent gun violence. The general current regulation system for purchasing guns consists of a simple background check, usually on the first purchase of a gun, with a 5-day waiting period. In the Opposing Viewpoint article â€Å"An updated Background Check System Will Help Prevent Gun Violence,† the editor explains that the current background check system needs to be fixed (par. 11). The various loopholes in the current background system are a main focus of the gun control advocates.To fix the various loopholes, gun control advocates believe the government should gather everyone’s name that should be prohibited from buying a gun and put him or her in the system for tracking and they should require a background check for every single gun sale, not just on the first purchase (An Updated Background). The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act fixed these issues presented through the National Instant Criminal Background System Check (Jacobs and Potter). Gun control advocates viewed the Brady Act as a positive step towards lowering violence in America.However, the act has not reduced gun violence like gun control advocates believed would occur. The view that the Brady Act was a simple solution to the gun violence problem is not only false, but also creates great expense for the government. The problem related to gun violence is not the current background check system; instead the problem lies in the use of illegal guns. Amy Roberts, writer of By the Numbers: Guns in America, explains that each year an estimated 40 percent of all guns purchased in America are through unlicensed, private sellers (Roberts).Thousands of gun shows are held each year in America; it is at these gun shows where thousands of guns are bought and sold illegally each year. Most gun vendors at these shows do not require any background check. Many gun control advocates feel that many of the murders and shootings in America would not have happened if a background check was ran on the individual purchasing the gun. When a gun is bought illegally, there is no background check. The seller has no way of knowing if the buyer is a criminal. An example of the violence related to the use of illegal guns is he Columbine High School shooting in Colorado. The Columbine killers were able to purchase guns illegally at a gun show from an unlicensed seller, who required no personal information before selling the guns (An Updated Background). This example shows how easily one can obtain a gun illegally; no increased purchasing regulation would have stopped the Columbine killers from purchasing guns. Increasing purchasing regulations will not stop a crimin al from getting a gun. Obtaining a gun illegally is so easy that a criminal wouldn’t even think to go through a registered firearms dealer.Gun control advocates’ views on gun control laws and the prevention of violence only lead to increased spending by the federal government. The federal deficit today is around 16 trillion dollars and growing. The view of the Brady Act as a simple solution to the gun violence problem has been proven not to be true, as mentioned earlier. The Brady Act presents various loopholes through which greater enforcement could prevent. One loophole presented by the Brady Act is the federal licensing system (Jacobs and Potter). Practically anyone can become federally licensed by paying a small fee and submitting required information.There is also no way to determine if an applicant has lied upon submission of their information for federal licensing. Inspections are rarely conducted upon the federal firearm licensees to ensure cooperation regardin g the Brady Act (Jacobs and Potter). The federal government could increase regulation regarding the federal licensing system to ensure proper Brady Act enforcement, but this requires increased spending. Greater information requirements and increased inspections would require increased data processing and hiring of federal inspectors, both requiring greater spending.The introduction of new gun control acts would require even greater spending than required through greater enforcement of the Brady Act, which is already in place. The recession has placed an enormous strain on federal funds. Increased enforcement of gun regulations is not seen as the greatest need at this time for government spending. There should be no further government gun control in America because additional gun control will not lower violence and it is not financially feasible to enforce additional gun control laws.The main arguments in support of additional gun control are: banning guns would lower violence and in creased purchase regulations would help prevent gun violence; however, these arguments are insufficient. There are potentially negative effects regarding the banning of guns, compared to the Prohibition era. Also, the increased purchasing regulations do not fix the problem of violence related to gun control because of the illegal or â€Å"black† gun market. Greater enforcement of the increased purchasing regulations could curb the use of current loopholes.However, greater enforcement leads to greater spending by the federal government. Greater enforcement also does not deal with the â€Å"black† market for guns. In the current state of the economy it is important that the government focus on decreased spending or spending to pull the United States out of the recession. Focusing on increased gun control is not of any benefit to the economy. Increased government spending through greater enforcement of increased gun control laws is not necessary to lower violence, instead focus should be shifted to alternative ways for reducing violence in the United States.By focusing on informing people on gun safety and gun laws, a new path may be made for the younger generation. Works Cited â€Å"An Updated Background Check System Will Help Prevent Gun Violence. †Ã‚  Guns and Crime. Ed. Christine Watkins. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"A Plan to Prevent Future Tragedies. †Ã‚  MayorsAgainstIllegalGuns. org. 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Firearm Laws, Regulations, and Ordinances. †Ã‚  Gun Control:  Restricting Rights or Protecting People?. Sandra M. Alters. 2009 ed.Detroit: Gale, 2009. 19-39. Information Plus Reference Series. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. Hill, Jeff. Defining Moment Prohibiton. Detroit MI: Omnigraphics, n. d. Print. Jacobs, James B. , and Kimberly A. Potter. â€Å"Keeping guns out of the ‘wrong' hands: the Brady law and the limits o f regulation. †Ã‚  Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology  Fall 1995: 93-120. Academic OneFile. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. Kates, Don B. , Jr. â€Å"GUN CONTROL: A REALISTIC ASSESSMENT. †Ã‚  Gun Control: A Realistic Assessment. N. p. , 1990. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. catb. org/esr/guns/gun-control. html>. Roberts, Amy. â€Å"By the Numbers: Guns in America – CNN. com. †Ã‚  CNN. Cable News Network, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. . Wright, Stephen E. â€Å"Gun Control Laws Will Not Save Lives. †Ã‚  Guns and Crime. Ed. Christine Watkins. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Anti-Gun Group Common Sense Gun Laws and Real Common Sense. † StephenE Wright. com. 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 1 Nov. 2012

Good Agriculture Practices

AGRICULTURE AND MAN PRT2008 (KUMP 45) GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES (GAP) IN MALAYSIA PROF . ZAHARAH ABDUL RAHMAN GROUP MEMBERS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ NORAFIZZA BT MAHAT NUR AMIRA HANIM BT AZMAN CHAN WEE ANN LIEW HUI QING JIVITHA THANARAJAN 169797 168494 169638 168358 161812 INTRODUCTION †¢ The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific methods, which when applied to agriculture, produce results that are in harmony with the values of the proponents of those practices. †¢ There are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute â€Å"Good Agricultural Practices†, so whether a practice can be onsidered â€Å"good† will depend on the standards you are applying. †¢ Lets us look at one particular definition of â€Å"Good Agricultural Practices† as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations †¢ Description of the UN FAO GAPs : i) Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability. ii) GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales.They are applied through sustainable agricultural methods, such as integrated pest management, integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture. †¢ GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA 1. Animal health ? Prevent the spread of disease onto the farm †¢ Animals that are identified of their disease status can only be allowed to be brought onto the farm. †¢ Cattle transport on and off the farm that do not carry any disease have to be ensured. †¢ The farm must have secure boundaries/fencing. †¢ If possible, limit access of people and wildlife into the farm. Have a flea control programme for the livestock. †¢ Only use clean equipment from the right and reliable source. ? Use only prescribed chemicals and veterinary medicines for farm usage †¢ Use chemicals according to instructions with appropriate dosages and observe suitable withholding periods. †¢ Only use prescribed veterinary medicines by veterinarians and observe specified withholding periods. †¢ Store chemicals and veterinary medicines securely and dispose of them properly. ? Train people appropriately †¢ Have procedures in check for detecting and handling sick animals and veterinary chemicals. Make sure all people are undergo sufficient training to carry out their tasks correctly. †¢ Choose reliable sources for advice. 2. Milking hygiene ? Ensure milking procedures do not injure cows or contaminate the produced milk †¢ Ensure suitable udder preparation for milking. †¢ Ensure consistency in application of milking techniques. †¢ Isolate milk from sick or treated animals. †¢ Ensure milking equipment is correctly installed and maintained. †¢ Ensure enough supply of clean water ? Ensure milking is carried out under hygienic conditions †¢ Ensure housing environment is clean at all times. Ensure milking area is kept clean. †¢ Ensure the milkers follow basic hygiene rules. 3. Animal feeding and water ? Ensure animal feed and water are of high level of quality †¢ Keeping animals healthy with high quality feed. †¢ Prevent water supplies and animal feed materials from chemical contamination. †¢ Avoid chemical contamination due to farming practices. ? Control storage conditions of feed †¢ No microbiological or toxin contamination or undesirable use of prohibited feed ingredients or veterinary preparations. †¢ Keeping animals healthy with good quality feed. 4. Animal welfare Animals are free from thirst, hunger and malnutrition †¢ Provide enough feed (forage and/or fodder) and water daily. †¢ Control stocking rates and/or supplementary feed ing to ensure sufficient water, feed and fodder supply. †¢ Protect animals from toxic plants and other harmful substances. †¢ Provide water supplies of good quality that are regularly inspected and maintained. ? Animals are free from pain, injury and disease †¢ Have an effective herd health management programme in place and inspect animals regularly. †¢ Protect against imbalance. †¢ Lactating animals should be milked regularly. Avoid using procedures and practices that cause unnecessary pain to the animals. 5. Environment ? Have a correct waste management system. †¢ Ensure wastes are stored to reduce the risk of environmental pollution to the lowest level. †¢ Manage grassland to prevent effluent runoff by spreading farm manures appropriate with local condition. ? Ensure dairy farming practices do not have an adverse impact on the local environment †¢ Use chemicals (fertilizers, agricultural and veterinary chemicals, pesticides, etc) appropriat ely to avoid contamination of the local environment. Ensure overall appearance of the dairying operation is appropriate for a facility in which high quality food is produced 6. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ?Takes into account the ecological factors and plant biology to minimize pest population to a minimum level without causing economic loss. †¢ Biological Control Pest control refers to the use of natural enemies that can influence growth, breeding and control of the pest population at a balance level. †¢ Cultural Control Cultural control is an agronomic practice used by farmers to increase their production.The followings are examples of cultural practices : a. Adopt and practice field hygiene, including in the surrounding areas, such as weeding and disposal of agricultural wastes (collect and destroy rotten fruits and diseased plant parts) b. Use of disease free planting materials c. Soil treatment like liming d. Pruning of pest infected plant parts e. Crop rotation f . Ploughing g. Use of resistant varieties h. Water management i. Selection of suitable sites j. Use of organic fertilizers to improve soil structure and soil †¢ Chemical Control 1.Chemical control covers the use of the following chemicals: i. Pesticides ii. Biopesticides like azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis 2. Chemical attractants like i. Pheromones ii. Protein bait 3. The use of chemicals must be based on the following factors: i. Chemicals are used only when the pest population had reached or exceeded the economic threshold value ii. Do not use broad spectrum pesticides iii. If pesticides are to be used, the usage shall be minimum and environmentally friendly iv. The use of pesticides should be the last alternative for pest controlExamples of Integrated Pest Management i. Pest Control for Bananas (Moko disease and Panama wilt) a. Use of disease free plantlets sourced through tissue culture and treatment of the planting materials if not sourced by tissue culture b. Mon itoring and destruction of diseased plants c. Crop rotation and follow d. Farm equipments should be treated and free from pests before use e. Good drainage f. Prevention by spraying benomyl †¢ Control of Tungro (Penyakit Merah Virus) of Paddy a. Inspection of disease and vectors b. Planting of resistant varieties c. Simultaneous planting d.Eliminate source of disease and alternative hosts e. Good drainage and land preparation f. Use certified paddy seeds g. Use of pesticides to control vector (Nephotettix virescens) when there is an outbreak of the disease h. Implement the recommended fertilizer programme 7. Site Management The farm should have a Crop-Soil Suitability Map, for the following purposes:a. To ensure only crops which are suitable are planted in the farm. b. To identify the types of soil limitations and to make suggestions on their remedial actions for optimum crop production c. To obtain high and quality yield, e. g. ased on topography and agroclimatic zone, mango i s suitable for planting in the States of Kedah, Perlis and Melaka. †¢ Factors taken into consideration for evaluating CropSoil Suitability are: a. Depth of soil b. Depth to acid sulphate layer c. Drainage d. Nutrient content e. Thickness of organic horizon f. Salinity g. Slope h. Soil texture/structure i. Stoniness Land Management: Terrace Example of A Corporation Which Practices GAP Example of A Corporation Which Practices GAP †¢ Sime Darby Plantation possess a strong commitment to sustainable development as shown through its plantation business. Sime Darby Plantation is one member of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and has adopted the best of industrial techniques into its daily operations. †¢ Sime Darby Plantation acts as an industry leader in Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). †¢ The good agriculture practices implemented by Sime Darby are as follows :i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. Land management Water management Zero burning replanting tec hnique Integrated pest management Palm oil mill effluent treatment system High conservation value forest in the estates Biodiversity Quality assurance THANK YOU